Experience of humanistic nursing in hemodialysis nursing for patients with diabetic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a prevalent complication of diabetes that often requires hemodialysis for treatment. In the field of nursing, there is a growing recognition of the importance of humanistic care, which focuses on the holistic needs of patients, including their emotional, psychological, and social well-being. However, the application of humanistic nursing in the context of hemodialysis for DKD patients remains relatively unexplored. AIM: To explore the experience of humanistic nursing in hemodialysis nursing for DKD patients. METHODS: Ninety-six DKD patients treated with hemodialysis from March 2020 to June 2022 were included in the study and divided into the control cluster (48 cases) and the study cluster (48 cases) according to different nursing methods; the control cluster was given routine nursing and the study cluster was given humanized nursing. The variances of negative emotion mark, blood glucose, renal function, the incidence of complications, life mark and nursing satisfaction before and after nur-sing were contrasted between the two clusters. RESULTS: No significant difference in negative emotion markers between the two clusters were observed before nursing (P > 0.05), and the negative emotion markers of the two clusters decreased after nursing. The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale markers were lower in the study cluster than the control cluster. The healing rate of patients in the study cluster was significantly higher than the control cluster (97.92% vs 85.42%, P < 0.05). Blood glucose parameters were not significantly different between the groups prior to nursing (P > 0.05). However, after nursing, blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine (SCr) levels in the study cluster were lower than those in the control cluster (P < 0.05). The incidence rate of complications was significantly lower in the study group compared to the control cluster (6.25% vs 20.83%, P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the life markers between the two clusters before nursing. While the life markers increased after nursing for both groups, the 36-item health scale markers in the study cluster were higher than those within the control cluster (P < 0.05). Finally, the nursing satisfaction rate was 93.75% in the study cluster, compared to 75% in the control cluster (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In hemodialysis for DKD patients, the implementation of humanistic nursing achieved ideal results, effectively reducing patients' psychological negative emotion markers so that they can actively cooperate with the diagnosis and nursing, facilitate the control of blood glucose and the maintenance of residual renal function, reduce the occurrence of complications, and finally enhance the life quality and nursing satisfaction of patients. It is worthy of being widely popularized and applied.

Analysis of the Current Status and Factors Influencing Compliance with Colonoscopic Monitoring After Endoscopic Surgery for Advanced Colorectal Adenoma.

Background: Advanced colorectal adenomas are at a risk of malignant transformation following endoscopic resection, and colonoscopic monitoring interval after polypectomy have been widely used. This study aims to investigate the prevailing state of compliance with postoperative colonoscopic surveillance among patients with advanced colorectal adenomas and its' influencing factors at Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University between November 2020 and April 2021. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients who underwent endoscopic treatment for ACA at Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University from November 2020 to April 2021. Compliance with postoperative colonoscopic surveillance was assessed based on established guidelines. Factors such as sociodemographic features, medical histories, and health beliefs were analyzed to determine their influence on compliance. Univariate analysis, survival analysis, and multi-factor Cox regression analysis were used for statistical evaluation. Results: A total of 511 patients were included in the study. The compliance rate was found to be 43.2%. The univariate analysis indicated that factors such as gender, education level, work status, type of health insurance, place of residence, marital status, type of consultation, presence of gastrointestinal symptoms, number of polyps, and the maximum diameter of polyps significantly affected compliance. Multi-factor Cox regression analysis revealed that female gender, absence of gastrointestinal symptoms, outpatient endoscopic treatment, and solitary polyps were independent factors influencing compliance. Reasons for poor compliance included underestimating the severity of the disease, fear of colonoscopy, and procedural complexities. Conclusion: Patients with advanced colorectal adenomas had poor compliance with postoperative colonoscopy monitoring. Tailored health education programs should be designed, targeting women, outpatients undergoing endoscopic procedures, and patients with solitary polyps to enhance their compliance with colonoscopy monitoring.

The effects of SCARB2 and SELPLG gene polymorphisms on EV71 infection in hand, foot and mouth disease.

The same viral infection in different hosts may result in varying levels of clinical symptoms, which is related to the genetic background of the host itself. A total of 406 common cases and 452 severe cases of enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection in Yunnan Province were selected as the research subjects, and SNaPshot technology was used to detect genetic polymorphisms for 25 Tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (TagSNPs) in the selectin P ligand (SELPLG) and scavenger receptor class B member 2 (SCARB2) genes. Our results demonstrate that SCARB2 polymorphisms (rs74719289, rs3733255 and rs17001551) are related to the severity of EV71 infection (A vs G: OR 0.330; 95% CI 0.115 - 0.947; T vs C: OR 0.336; 95% CI 0.118 - 0.958; and A vs G: OR 0.378; 95% CI 0.145 - 0.984). The SELPLG polymorphisms were not significantly different between common cases and severe cases. Therefore, we conclude that the SCARB2 gene has a protective effect on the course of hand, foot and mouth disease caused by EV71 infection and that SCARB2 gene mutations can reduce the severity of the disease.

The effects of SCARB2 and SELPLG gene polymorphisms on EV71 infection in hand, foot and mouth disease.

The same viral infection in different hosts may result in varying levels of clinical symptoms, which is related to the genetic background of the host itself. A total of 406 common cases and 452 severe cases of enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection in Yunnan Province were selected as the research subjects, and SNaPshot technology was used to detect genetic polymorphisms for 25 Tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (TagSNPs) in the selectin P ligand (SELPLG) and scavenger receptor class B member 2 (SCARB2) genes. Our results demonstrate that SCARB2 polymorphisms (rs74719289, rs3733255 and rs17001551) are related to the severity of EV71 infection (A vs G: OR 0.330; 95% CI 0.115 - 0.947; T vs C: OR 0.336; 95% CI 0.118 - 0.958; and A vs G: OR 0.378; 95% CI 0.145 - 0.984). The SELPLG polymorphisms were not significantly different between common cases and severe cases. Therefore, we conclude that the SCARB2 gene has a protective effect on the course of hand, foot and mouth disease caused by EV71 infection and that SCARB2 gene mutations can reduce the severity of the disease.

Detection and Quantification of Candidatus Methanoperedens-Like Archaea in Freshwater Wetland Soils.

Candidatus Methanoperedens-like archaea, which can use multiple electron acceptors (nitrate, iron, manganese, and sulfate) for anaerobic methane oxidation, could play an important role in reducing methane emissions from freshwater wetlands. Currently, very little is known about the distribution and community composition of Methanoperedens-like archaea in freshwater wetlands, particularly based on their alpha subunit of methyl-coenzyme M reductase (mcrA) genes. Here, the community composition, diversity, and abundance of Methanoperedens-like archaea were investigated in a freshwater wetland through high-throughput sequencing and quantitative PCR on their mcrA genes. A large number of Methanoperedens-like mcrA gene sequences (119,250) were recovered, and a total of 31 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were generated based on 95% sequence similarity cut-off. The majority of Methanoperedens-like sequences can be grouped into three distinct clusters that were closely associated with the known Methanoperedens species which can couple anaerobic methane oxidation to nitrate or iron reduction. The community composition of Methanoperedens-like archaea differed significantly among different sampling sites, and their mcrA gene abundance was 1.49 × 106 ~ 4.62 × 106 copies g-1 dry soil in the examined wetland. In addition, the community composition of Methanoperedens-like archaea was significantly affected by the soil water content, and the archaeal abundance was significantly positively correlated with the water content. Our results suggest that the mcrA gene is a good biomarker for detection and quantification of Methanoperedens-like archaea, and provide new insights into the distribution and environmental regulation of these archaea in freshwater wetlands.

Behavior of wheat flour dough at different pretreated temperatures through rheological characteristics and molecular interactions of proteins.

Rheological properties and chemical interactions of doughs prepared at different temperatures were evaluated. The results showed that the rigidity of pretreated doughs was enhanced, and the processing performance of doughs was weakened. Preheating resulted in the polymerization of gluten through the conversion of sulfhydryl groups to disulfide bonds. The noncovalent interaction of dough played a dominant role and further led to the production of glutenin macropolymers (55.77 mg/g). CLSM images verified that preheating promoted the formation of the coarse and scattered gluten network, while preheating at 80 °C led to a higher gluten area percentage (40.27 %) and lower lacunarity (6.74 × 10-2) structure. The migration of water promoted changes in hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interaction in doughs, which directly affect the processability of doughs. The study provides information for predicting the rheological behavior of dough in actual production and makes it possible to modify gluten by preheating treatment without complicating existing operations.

Effect of gradual increase of atmospheric CO2 concentration on nitrification potential and communities of ammonia oxidizers in paddy fields.

Currently, the influence of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (eCO2) on ammonia oxidation to nitrite, the rate-limiting step of nitrification in paddy soil, is poorly known. Previous studies that simulate the effect of eCO2 on nitrification are primarily based on an abrupt increase of atmospheric CO2 concentration. However, paddy ecosystems are experiencing a gradual increase of CO2 concentration. To better understand how the nitrification potential, abundance and communities of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) respond to eCO2 in paddy ecosystems, a field experiment was conducted using the following two treatments: a gradual increase of CO2 (EC, increase of 40 ppm per year until 200 ppm above ambient) and ambient CO2 (CK). The results demonstrated that the EC treatment significantly (P < 0.05) stimulated the soil potential nitrification rate (PNR) at the jointing and milky stages, which increased by 127.83% and 27.35%, respectively, compared with CK. Furthermore, the EC treatment significantly (P < 0.05) stimulated the AOA and AOB abundance by 56.60% and 133.84%, respectively, at the jointing stage. Correlation analysis showed that the PNR correlated well with the abundance of AOB (R2 = 0.7389, P < 0.001). In addition, the EC treatment significantly (P < 0.05) altered the community structure of AOB, while it had little effect on that of AOA. A significant difference in the proportion of Nitrosospira was observed between CO2 treatments. In conclusion, the gradual increase of CO2 positively influenced the PNR and abundance of ammonia oxidizers, and AOB could be more important than AOA in nitrification under eCO2.

Mechanical action on the development of dough andits influence on rheological properties and protein network structure.

Four simple dough preparation methods were proposed to imitate the rheological behaviors of traditional hand-made doughs and the underlying mechanism was concomitantly elucidated. It indicated the hand-made doughs, including the conventional hand-made dough (CHD), bidirectional pressed dough (BPD), bidirectional rolled dough (BRD), unidirectional pressed dough (UPD), and unidirectional rolled dough (URD), showed weaker mechanical resistance than the mixer-made dough did. Compared with UPD and BRD, BPD and URD had better tensile resistance and deformation recovery. CLSM analysis showed that these two doughs also possessed smaller lacunarity (7.22-7.24 × 10-2) and larger branching rate (0.23 × 10-2), suggesting bidirectionally pressing and unidirectionally rolling could produce a dough with better gluten network connectivity. Analysis of gluten protein solubility showed that the stronger hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions of gluten protein were derived in rolled doughs (URD and BRD), and the stronger slip caused by intermediate water in pressed doughs (UPD and BPD) may lead to the high gluten extractability. In addition, more disulfide bonds were formed in BPD (3.37 µmol/g) and URD (3.62 µmol/g), promoting the stronger mechanical resistance in BPD and URD. Nevertheless, pressing or rolling promoted no statistically significant increase in the content of glutenin macropolymers. Physical entanglement caused by the recombination of noncovalent interactions may be the main cause. In conclusion, theeffect ofmanual external forces ondough qualitywasverified theoretically, and gluten network analysis can quantitatively evaluate dough microstructural changes.

Potential role of nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation in methane consumption and nitrogen removal in Chinese paddy fields.

Nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation (n-damo), catalyzed by bacteria closely related to Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera, links the global carbon and nitrogen cycles. Currently, the contribution of n-damo in controlling methane emissions and nitrogen removal, and the key regulatory factors of this process in Chinese paddy fields are poorly known. Here, soil samples from 20 paddy fields located in different climate zones across China were collected to examine the n-damo activity and bacterial communities. The n-damo activity and bacterial abundance varied from 1.05 to 5.97 nmol CH4 g-1 (dry soil) d-1 and 2.59 × 105 to 2.50 × 107 copies g-1 dry soil, respectively. Based on the n-damo activity, it was estimated that approximately 0.91 Tg CH4 and 2.17 Tg N could be consumed annually via n-damo in Chinese paddy soils. The spatial variations in n-damo activity and community structure of n-damo bacteria were significantly (p < 0.05) affected by the soil ammonium content, labile organic carbon content and pH. Furthermore, significant differences in n-damo activity, bacterial abundance and community composition were observed among different climate zones. The n-damo activity was found to be positively correlated with the mean annual air temperature. Taken together, our results demonstrated the potential importance of n-damo in both methane consumption and nitrogen removal in Chinese paddy soils, and this process was regulated by local soil and climatic factors.

Hydraulic conductivity of novel geosynthetic clay liner to bauxite liquor from China: Modified fluid loss test evaluation.

A modified sodium bentonite geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) designed for acid-and-alkaline resistance was evaluated for its potential application in the containment of bauxite residue leachate. A modified fluid loss test was employed to quickly evaluate the hydraulic conductivity (k) of the GCL using distilled water, tap water, and four bauxite liquors (BLs, leachate from bauxite residue reservoirs). The effects of swelling capacity of bentonite, prehydration, hydraulic gradient (i), ionic strength (I), and relative abundance of monovalent and multivalent cations (RMD) on the hydraulic conductivity of the GCL were analyzed. The results indicated that the BLs significantly decreased free swell index of the bentonite. As compared to increasing i, prehydration obviously enhanced hydraulic performance of the GCL. The four BLs increased k of the GCL by a factor of 4-12 relative to the tap water permeation condition, and the resultant k exceeded upper limit of 5.0 × 10-11 m/s for GCLs. The increase in k was attributed to compression in diffuse double layer of the bentonite and dissolution in clay minerals in ion-rich and hyperalkaline BLs, manifesting that further modification on the GCL is needed. The I was found a better indicator than the RMD on correlation with chemical compatibility of the GCL.

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Paddy fields are one of the most important methane sources, which have great impacts on climate change. The nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation, by NC10 phylum bacteria-Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera (M. oxyfera)-like bacteria, is a new process regulating methane emission from paddy fields. However, little is known about the spatial and temporal variations of M. oxyfera-like bacterial communities and the regulating factors in paddy soils. We investigated the community composition, diversity, and abundance of M. oxyfera-like bacteria in 0-40 cm depth of paddy soils at key growth stages of rice, including tillering, jointing, flowering, and milky stages. Results of high-throughput sequencing showed that community composition of M. oxyfera-like bacteria differed significantly among different soil layers, while no significant variation was observed among different rice growth stages. The diversity of M. oxyfera-like bacteria increased with soil depth. Real-time quantitative PCR showed that the 16S rRNA gene abundance of M. oxyfera-like bacteria ranged from 5.73×106 to 2.56×107 copies·g-1 (dry weight), with the highest gene abundance in the 10-20 cm layer. Further, the abundance of these bacteria showed a decreasing trend with rice growth. Soil organic carbon content and soil pH were correlated with the M. oxyfera-like bacterial community structures and abundance. In all, our results suggested a certain degree of heterogeneity of spatial and temporal distribution of M. oxyfera-like bacterial communities in paddy soils, which was largely influenced by soil organic carbon and soil pH.

Meditation-Based Therapy for Chronic Low Back Pain Management: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

BACKGROUND: Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is among the most common types of pain in adults. Currently, injections and analgesic and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are often provided for patients with CLBP. However, their effectiveness remains questionable, and the safest approach to CLBP remains debated. Meditation-based therapies constitute an alternative treatment with high potential for widespread availability. We evaluated the applicability of meditation-based therapies for CLBP management. METHODS: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to evaluate the efficacy of meditation-based therapies for CLBP management. The primary outcomes were pain intensity, quality of life, and pain-related disability; the secondary outcomes were the experienced distress or anxiety and pain bothersomeness in the patients. The PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched for studies published from the databases' inception dates until July 2021, without language restrictions. RESULTS: We reviewed 12 randomized controlled trials with 1,153 patients. In 10 trials, meditation-based therapies significantly reduced the CLBP pain intensity compared with nonmeditation therapies (standardized mean difference [SMD] -0.27, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.43 to -0.12, P = 0.0006). In seven trials, meditation-based therapies also significantly reduced CLBP bothersomeness compared with nonmeditation therapies (SMD -0.21, 95% CI = -0.34 to -0.08, P = 0.002). In three trials, meditation-based therapies significantly improved patient quality of life compared with nonmeditation therapies (SMD 0.27, 95% CI = 0.17 to 0.37, P < 0.00001). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, meditation-based therapies constitute a safe and effective alternative approach to CLBP management.

Interactions between wheat globulin and gluten under alkali or salt condition and its effects on noodle dough rheology and end quality.

The influences of wheat globulin on dough and noodle quality under alkali or salt conditionwere investigated, and the protein interactions were revealed. Results indicated that dough viscoelasticity, noodle hardness, springiness and extensibility of samples with globulin added were remarkably increased under alkali condition. However, the corresponding enhancement was less significant under salt condition. In dough system, added globulin decreased the protein surface hydrophobicity by 38.71%, implying the enhancement of hydrophobic interactions. Under salt and alkali conditions, added globulin further increased the ß-sheets structure by 1.68% and 3.17%, respectively, indicating the enhancement of hydrogen bonds interaction. In addition, disulfide bonds interactions between globulin and gluten have also been demonstrated induced by alkali. The results were accountable for protein network polymerization observed in micro-structures. This paper provides new insights into the structural properties of wheat globulin, and demonstrates the excellent potential to improve noodle processing quality under alkali condition significantly.

Carbon ion radiotherapy for synchronous choroidal melanoma and lung cancer: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Despite being the most common intraocular malignancy among adults, choroidal melanoma is a rare cancer type, even more so when accompanied by lung cancer. We report a patient with synchronous choroid melanoma and lung cancer treated with carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT). CASE SUMMARY: A 41-year-old woman was transferred to our center with a diagnosis of choroidal melanoma in her right eye. During the examination, we found a right lung tumor that was histologically diagnosed as lung cancer. The patient was treated with CIRT for both malignant neoplasms. The CIRT dose was 70 photon equivalent doses (GyE) in five fractions for the right eye choroidal melanoma and 72 GyE in 16 fractions for the right lung cancer. At 3 mo after CIRT, the choroidal melanoma completely disappeared, as did the right lung cancer 7 mo after; the patient was in complete remission. CONCLUSION: CIRT may be an effective treatment for double primary lung cancer and choroid melanoma.

Progress in Nanocarriers Codelivery System to Enhance the Anticancer Effect of Photodynamic Therapy.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising anticancer noninvasive method and has great potential for clinical applications. Unfortunately, PDT still has many limitations, such as metastatic tumor at unknown sites, inadequate light delivery and a lack of sufficient oxygen. Recent studies have demonstrated that photodynamic therapy in combination with other therapies can enhance anticancer effects. The development of new nanomaterials provides a platform for the codelivery of two or more therapeutic drugs, which is a promising cancer treatment method. The use of multifunctional nanocarriers for the codelivery of two or more drugs can improve physical and chemical properties, increase tumor site aggregation, and enhance the antitumor effect through synergistic actions, which is worthy of further study. This review focuses on the latest research progress on the synergistic enhancement of PDT by simultaneous multidrug administration using codelivery nanocarriers. We introduce the design of codelivery nanocarriers and discuss the mechanism of PDT combined with other antitumor methods. The combination of PDT and chemotherapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy, photothermal therapy, hyperthermia, radiotherapy, sonodynamic therapy and even multidrug therapy are discussed to provide a comprehensive understanding.

Carbon ion radiotherapy for bladder cancer: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Radical cystectomy is considered the first choice for the treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer. However, for some patients who have lost the indications for surgery, external beam radiotherapy is a non-invasive and effective treatment. CASE SUMMARY: A 76-year-old patient with bladder cancer who had serious comorbidities and could not tolerate surgery or chemotherapy came to the Wuwei Heavy Ion Center. He received carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) with a whole-bladder dose of 44 GyE and tumor boost of 20 GyE. When he finished CIRT, his bladder cancer-related hematuria completely disappeared, and computed tomography examination showed that the tumor had obviously decreased in size. At the 3-mo follow-up, the tumor disappeared, and there were no acute or late adverse events. CIRT was well tolerated in this patient. CONCLUSION: CIRT may allow for avoiding resection and was well tolerated with curative outcomes.

Response of nitrite-dependent anaerobic methanotrophs to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration in paddy fields.

Nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation (n-damo) catalyzed by Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera (M. oxyfera)-like bacteria is a new pathway for the regulation of methane emissions from paddy fields. Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations (e[CO2]) can indirectly affect the structure and function of microbial communities. However, the response of M. oxyfera-like bacteria to e[CO2] is currently unknown. Here, we investigated the effect of e[CO2] (ambient CO2 + 200 ppm) on community composition, abundance, and activity of M. oxyfera-like bacteria at different depths (0-5, 5-10, and 10-20 cm) in paddy fields across multiple rice growth stages (tillering, jointing, and flowering). High-throughput sequencing showed that e[CO2] had no significant effect on the community composition of M. oxyfera-like bacteria. However, quantitative PCR suggested that the 16S rRNA gene abundance of M. oxyfera-like bacteria increased significantly in soil under e[CO2], particularly at the tillering stage. Furthermore, 13CH4 tracer experiments showed potential n-damo activity of 0.31-8.91 nmol CO2 g-1 (dry soil) d-1. E[CO2] significantly stimulated n-damo activity, especially at the jointing and flowering stages. The n-damo activity and abundance of M. oxyfera-like bacteria increased by an average of 90.9% and 50.0%, respectively, under e[CO2]. Correlation analysis showed that the increase in soil dissolved organic carbon content caused by e[CO2] had significant effects on the activity and abundance of M. oxyfera-like bacteria. Overall, this study provides the first evidence for a positive response of M. oxyfera-like bacteria to e[CO2], which may help reduce methane emissions from paddy fields under future climate change conditions.

Different responses of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria in paddy soils to elevated CO2 concentration.

The elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration is well known to have an important effect on soil nutrient cycling. Ammonia oxidation, mediated by ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), is the rate-limiting step in soil nitrification, which controls the availability of two key soil nutrients (ammonium and nitrate) for crops. Until now, how the AOA and AOB communities in paddy soils respond to elevated CO2 remains largely unknown. Here, we examined the communities of AOA and AOB and nitrification potential at both surface (0-5 cm) and subsurface (5-10 cm) soil layers of paddy fields under three different CO2 treatments, including CK (ambient CO2 concentration), LT (CK + 160 ppm of CO2) and HT (CK + 200 ppm of CO2). The elevated CO2 was found to have a greater impact on the community structure of AOB than that of AOA in surface soils as revealed by high-throughput sequencing of their amoA genes. However, no obvious variation of AOA or AOB communities was observed in subsurface soils among different CO2 treatments. The abundance of AOA and AOB, and nitrification potential were significantly increased in surface soils under elevated CO2. The variation of AOB abundance correlated well with the variation of nitrification potential. The soil water content and dissolved organic carbon content had important impacts on the dynamic of AOB communities and nitrification potential. Overall, our results showed different responses of AOA and AOB communities to elevated CO2 in paddy ecosystems, and AOB were more sensitive to the rising CO2 concentration.

Impact of wheat globulin addition on dough rheological properties and quality of cooked noodles.

Impact of globulin addition on the functional and protein structural properties of dough and cooked noodles were investigated. The underlying mechanism was explored through analyzing the interaction between globulin and gluten by using SDS-PAGE, size exclusion chromatography, free sulfhydryl/disulfide bond analysis, laser scanning confocal microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Results showed that the stiffness/hardness and maximum resistance of dough and cooked noodles were both increased when globulin addition was 1.5% or higher. Besides, extensibility of cooked noodles was also improved when the addition up to 3.0%. The addition of globulin facilitated weakening the S-S bonds in the gluten network and cross-linked with SDS-soluble gluten mainly through non-covalent interactions, especially hydrophobic interactions. Meanwhile, a more rigid protein network structure was observed. Additionally, following cooking, globulin addition accelerated the aggregation of protein molecules. When the addition reached 3%, the protein conformation was transformed from ß-sheets and random coils to ß-turns.

Effects of vacuum degree, mixing speed, and water amount on the moisture distribution and rheological properties of wheat flour dough.

Effects of vacuum degrees (0.00, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 MPa) on water distribution state, tensile properties, stress relaxation properties, and viscoelasticity of dough, as well as the effects of mixing speed (50, 70, 90 rpm/min) and water content (40%, 45%, 50%) under optimum vacuum degree were studied. The results showed that the proper vacuum degree (0.06 MPa) could promote the full contact between flour and water and improved the water-holding capacity of the dough. Meanwhile, the dough had stronger tensile strength, the best viscoelasticity and the ability to recover from external deformation more quickly. Under the vacuum of 0.06 MPa, with the increasing of mixing speed, the response to the external force of dough increased first and then decreased. Adding more water reduced the strength of dough, weakened the response to external forces, and led to a significant decrease in tensile resistance and tensile area of the dough, as well as a decrease in viscoelasticity (p < 0.05). The proper vacuum mixing allowed the preparation of dough to require more water and less energy. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: In the processing of wheat flour products, vacuum mixing is considered to be beneficial to the quality of noodles and breads. As the intermediate of these products, the dough is of great significance for the monitoring of its rheological characteristics. In this study, a moderate vacuum degree led to a significant improvement in the rheological properties of the dough, and the processing performance was the best. Under the optimal vacuum degree, the influence of mixing speed and water amount cannot be ignored. Vacuum mixing is an efficient dough preparation method, which can produce certain economic benefits.